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Converts all characters to uppercase.

UPPER(column_reference)

Description

Use UPPER to convert all of the characters in a character value (column, literal, parameter, or caculated values) to uppercase. For example, in the SELECT statement below the values in the NAME column are treated as all in uppercase. Because the same conversion is applied to both the filter column and comparison value in the WHERE clause, the filtering is effectively case-insensitive.

SELECT Name, Capital, Continent

FROM Country

WHERE UPPER(Name) LIKE UPPER("Pe%")

When applied to retrieved data of a SELECT statement, the effect is transient and does not affect stored data. When applied to the update atoms of an UPDATE statement, the effect is persistent and permanently converts the case of the stored values.

Applicability

UPPER can only be used with character columns or literals. To use on values of other data types, the values must first be converted to CHAR using the CAST function.

Note: The UPPER function cannot be used with memo or BLOB columns.

Note: The lower case version of a given character is determined by the language driver used.